Sparks Fly

Gerunds and Infinitives Here is a brief review of the differences between gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds are formed with ING. walking, talking, thinking, listening Infinitives are formed with TO. to walk, to talk, to think, to listen Jobs Gerunds and infinitives can do several jobs. Both gerunds and infinitives can be the subject of a sentence. Writing in English is difficult. To write in English is difficult. Both gerunds and infinitives can be the object of a verb. Both gerunds and infinitives can be the subject of a sentence. I like writing in English. I like to write in English. But... only gerunds can be the object of a preposition. We are talking about writing in English. Usage It is often difficult to know when to use a gerund and when to use an infinitive. These guidelines may help you. Gerunds Gerunds are often used when actions are real, concrete, or completed. For example: I stopped smoking. (The smoking was real and happened until I stopped.) Infinitives Infinitives are often used when actions are unreal, abstract, or future. For example: I stopped to smoke. (I was doing something else, and I stopped; the smoking had not happened yet.) GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES: THEIR NOUN ROLES Both gerunds and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just about anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns, they normally name activities rather than people or objects. Here are five noun-uses of gerunds and infinitives (and one additional non-noun use, the adjective complement, that we throw in here, free of charge). Gerunds and infintives can both function as the subject of a sentence: a. Playing basketball takes up too much of her time. b. To play basketball for UConn is her favorite fantasy. It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a sentence as the subject (as in Ib), but it is more common for an infinitive to appear as a Subject Complement: a. Her favorite fantasy is to play basketball for UConn. The gerund can also play this role: b. Her favorite fantasy is playing basketball for UConn. Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the role of Noun Complement and Appositive: a. Her desire to play basketball for UConn became an obsession. b. I could never understand her desire to play basketball for UConn. c. Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn, seemed a goal within reach. The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an abstract noun. Here is a very partial list of abstract nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try following these adjectives with an infinitive phrase (their desire to play in the championship game, a motivation to pass all their courses, her permission to stay up late, a gentle reminder to do your work) to see how the phrase modifies and focuses the noun. advice appeal command decision desire fact instruction motivation opportunity order permission plan possibility preparation proposal recommendation refusal reminder request requirement suggestion tendency wish Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the infinitive is said to play the role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a noun function, but we will include it here nonetheless.) a. She was hesitant to tell the coach of her plan. b. She was reluctant to tell her parents, also. c. But she would not have been content to play high school ball forever. Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions. ahead amazed anxious apt ashamed bound careful certain content delighted determined disappointed eager eligible fortunate glad happy hesitant liable likely lucky pleased proud ready reluctant sad shocked sorry surprised upset Although we do not find many infinitives in this next category, it is not uncommon to find gerunds taking on the role of Object of a Preposition: a. She wrote a newspaper article about dealing with college recruiters. b. She thanked her coach for helping her to deal with the pressure. Two prepositions, except and but, will sometimes take an infinitive. a. The committee had no choice except to elect Frogbellow chairperson. b. What is left for us but to pack up our belongings and leave? And, finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object: Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these decisions will seem quite arbitrary. The next section is about making the choice between gerund and infinitive forms as direct object. Verbs that take other verb forms as objects are called catenatives (from a word that means to link, as in a chain). Catenatives can be found at the head of a series of linked constructions, as in "We agreed to try to decide to stop eating between meals." Catenatives are also characterized by their tendency to describe mental processes and resolutions. (Kolln) Although it is seldom a serious problem for native English speakers, deciding whether to use a gerund or an infinitive after a verb can be perplexing among students for whom English is a second language. Why do we decide to run, but we would never decide running? On the other hand, we might avoid running, but we would not avoid to run. And finally, we might like running and would also like to run. It is clear that some verbs take gerunds, some verbs take infinitives, and some verbs take either. The following tables of verbs should help you understand the various options that regulate our choice of infinitive or gerund. The verbs in the table below will be followed by an infinitive. We decided to leave. He manages, somehow, to win. It is threatening to rain. Notice that many, but not all, of these verbs suggest a potential event. Some of the verbs in the following table may be followed by a gerund if they are describing an "actual, vivid or fulfilled action" (Frodesen). We love running. They began farming the land. These are described, also, below. Emotion care desire hate hate like loathe love regret yearn Choice or Intent agree choose decide decide expect hope intend need plan prefer prepare propose refuse want wish Initiation, Completion, Incompletion begin cease commence fail get hesitate manage neglect start try undertake Mental Process forget know how Learn remember Request and Promise demand offer promise swear threaten vow Intransitives appear happen Seem tend Miscellaneous afford arrange claim continue pretend wait The verbs in the next table will often be followed by an infinitive, but they will also be accompanied by a second object. We asked the intruders to leave quietly. They taught the children to swim. The teacher convinced his students to try harder. The verbs in blue, with an asterisk, can also follow the same pattern as the verbs in the table above (i.e., the second object is optional). We all wanted to go. They promised to be home early. Communication advise ask* beg* challenge command convince forbid invite order permit persuade promise* remind require tell warn urge Instruction encourage help instruct teach train Causing allow cause choose force get hire need* would like* Miscellaneous dare* expect* trust prepare* want* Gerunds accompany a form of the verb to go in many idiomatic expressions: Let's go shopping. We went jogging yesterday. She goes bowling every Friday night. The following verbs will be followed by a gerund. Did I mention reading that novel last summer? I recommend leaving while we can. I have quit smoking These verbs tend to describe actual events. Initiation, Completion and Incompletion anticipate avoid begin cease complete delay finish get through give up postpone quit risk start stop try Communication admit advise deny discuss encourage mention recommend report suggest urge Continuing Action continue can't help practice involve keep keep on Emotion appreciate dislike enjoy hate like love mind don't mind miss prefer regret can't stand resent resist tolerate Mental Process anticipate consider forget imagine recall remember see can't see understand The verbs in the following table can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, and there will be virtually no difference in the meaning of the two sentences. I like to play basketball in the park. I like playing basketball in the park. attempt begin continue hate like love neglect prefer regret can't stand stand start The verbs in this next, very small table can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but there will be a difference in meaning. I stopped smoking means something quite different, for instance, from I stopped to smoke. The infinitive form will usually describe a potential action. forget remember stop Finally, the verbs below will be followed by either a gerund or a simple verb and a second subject will be required. I saw the team losing its composure. I overheard my landlord discussing a rent increase. (I heard Bill sing/singing.) These verbs involve the senses. Verbs Involving Senses feel hear listen to look at notice observe overhear see watch Verbs of perception — hear, see, watch — and a handful of other verbs — help, let, and make — will take what is called the bare infinitive, an infinitive without the particle "to." This is true of these verbs only in the active voice. a. We watched him clear the table. b. They heard the thief crash through the door. c. She made me do it. d. We helped her finish the homework. Using Possessives with Gerunds Do we say "I can't stand him singing in the shower," or do we say "I can't stand his singing in the shower"? Well, you have to decide what you find objectionable: is it him, the fact that he is singing in the shower, or is it the singing that is being done by him that you can't stand? Chances are, it's the latter, it's the singing that belongs to him that bugs you. So we would say, "I can't stand his singing in the shower." On the other hand, do we say "I noticed your standing in the alley last night"? Probably not, because it's not the action that we noticed; it's the person. So we'd say and write, instead, "I noticed youstanding in the alley last night." Usually, however, when a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, that noun or pronoun takes a possessive form. This is especially true of formal, academic writing. There are exceptions to this. (What would the study of language be without exceptions?) • When the noun preceding the gerund is modified by other words, use the common form of that noun, not the possessive. a. Federico was pleased by Carlos's making the Dean's List for the first time. but b. Federico was pleased by Carlos, his oldest son, making the Dean's List for the first time. When the noun preceding the gerund is plural, collective, or abstract, use the common form of that noun, not the possessive. c. Professor Villa was amazed by her students working as hard as they did. d. The class working collaboratively was somebody else's idea. e. It was a case of old age getting the better of them. There are certain situations in which the possessive and the gerund create an awkward combination. This seems to be particularly true when indefinite pronouns are involved. f. I was shocked by somebody's making that remark. This would be greatly improved by saying, instead . . . g. I was shocked that somebody would make that remark. This is also true when the "owner" of the gerund comes wrapped in a noun phrase: o I was thankful for the guy next door shoveling snow from my driveway. Gerunds and infinitives are verb forms that can take the place of a noun in a sentence. The following guidelines and lists will help you figure out whether a gerund or infinitive is needed. Following a verb (gerund or infinitive) Both gerunds and infinitives can replace a noun as the object of a verb. Whether you use a gerund or an infinitive depends on the main verb in the sentence. Consult the lists below to find out which form to use following which verbs. I expect to have the report done by Friday. [INFINITIVE] I anticipate having the report done by Friday. [GERUND] Some common verbs followed by a gerund (note that phrasal verbs, marked here with *, always fall into this category): acknowledge She acknowledged receiving assistance. * accuse of He was accused of smuggling contraband goods. admit They admitted falsifying the data. advise The author advises undertaking further study. anticipate He anticipates having trouble with his supervisor. appreciate I appreciated having a chance to read your draft. avoid He avoided answering my question. complete I finally completed writing my thesis. consider They will consider granting you money. defer She deferred writing her report. delay We delayed reporting the results until we were sure. deny They denied copying the information. discuss They discussed running the experiments again. entail This review procedure entails repeating the test. * look after He will look after mailing the tickets. * insist on He insisted on proofreading the article again. involve This procedure involves testing each sample twice. justify My results justify taking drastic action. mention The author mentions seeing this event. * plan on They had planned on attending the conference. postpone The committee has postponed writing the report. recall I cannot recall getting those results before. resent He resented spending so much time on the project. recommend She recommends reading Marx. resist The writer resists giving any easy answers. risk She risks losing her viewing time. sanction They will not sanction copying without permission. suggest I suggest repeating the experiment. * take care of He will take care of sending it to you. tolerate She can't tolerate waiting for results. Some common verbs followed by an infinitive: afford We cannot afford to hesitate. agree The professors agreed to disagree. appear The results appear to support your theory. arrange They had arranged to meet at noon. beg I beg to differ with you. care Would you care to respond? claim She claims to have new data. consent Will you consent to run for office? decide When did he decide to withdraw? demand I demand to see the results of the survey. deserve She deserves to have a fair hearing. expect The committee expects to decide by tomorrow. fail The trial failed to confirm his hypothesis. hesitate I hesitate to try the experiment again. hope What do you hope to accomplish? learn We have learned to proceed with caution. manage How did she manage to find the solution? neglect The author neglected to provide an index. need Do we need to find new subjects? offer We could offer to change the time of the meeting. plan They had planned to attend the conference. prepare He was not prepared to give a lecture. pretend I do not pretend to know the answer. promise They promise to demonstrate the new equipment. refuse She refused to cooperate any longer. seem Something seems to be wrong with your design. struggle We struggled to understand her point of view. swear He swears to tell the truth. threaten The team threatened to stop their research. volunteer Will you volunteer to lead the group? wait We could not wait to hear the outcome. want She did not want to go first. wish Do you wish to participate? Following a preposition (gerund only) Gerunds can follow a preposition; infinitives cannot. Can you touch your toes without bending your knees? He was fined for driving over the speed limit. She got the money by selling the car. A corkscrew is a tool for taking corks out of bottles. Note: Take care not to confuse the preposition "to" with an infinitive form, or with an auxiliary form such as have to, used to, going to He went back to writing his paper. [PREPOSITION + GERUND] I used to live in Mexico. [AUXILIARY + VERB] I want to go home. [VERB + INFINITIVE] Following an indirect object (infinitive only) Some verbs are followed by a pronoun or noun referring to a person, and then an infinitive. Gerunds cannot be used in this position. Some common verbs followed by an indirect object plus an infinitive: ask I must ask you to reconsider your statement. beg They begged her to stay for another term. cause His findings caused him to investigate further. challenge Wilkins challenged Watson to continue the research. convince Can we convince them to fund our study? encourage She encouraged him to look beyond the obvious. expect They did not expect us to win an award. forbid The author forbade me to change his wording. force They cannot force her to reveal her sources. hire Did the department hire him to teach the new course? instruct I will instruct her to prepare a handout. invite We invite you to attend the ceremony. need They need her to show the slides. order He ordered the group to leave the building. persuade Can we persuade you to contribute again? remind Please remind him to check the references. require They will require you to submit an outline. teach We should teach them to follow standard procedures. tell Did she tell him to make three copies? urge I urge you to read the instructions before you begin. want I do not want you to have an accident. warn Why didn't they warn me to turn down the heat? Verbs Followed by Gerunds 9 = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive 13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning 14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning admit He admitted cheating on the test. advise [9] The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk. allow [9] Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars. anticipate I anticipated arriving late. appreciate I appreciated her helping me. avoid He avoided talking to her. begin [14] I began learning Chinese. can't bear [14] He can't bear having so much responsibility. can't help He can't help talking so loudly. can't see I can't see paying so much money for a car. can't stand [14] He can't stand her smoking in the office. cease [14] The government ceased providing free healthcare. complete He completed renovating the house. consider She considered moving to New York. continue [14] He continued talking. defend The lawyer defended her making such statements. delay He delayed doing his taxes. deny He denied committing the crime. despise She despises waking up early. discuss We discussed working at the company. dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM. don't mind I don't mind helping you. dread [13] She dreads getting up at 5 AM. encourage [9] He encourages eating healthy foods. enjoy We enjoy hiking. finish [13] He finished doing his homework. forget [13] I forgot giving you my book. hate [14] I hate cleaning the bathroom. imagine He imagines working there one day. involve The job involves traveling to Japan once a month. keep She kept interrupting me. like [14] She likes listening to music. love [14] I love swimming. mention He mentioned going to that college. mind Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes. miss She misses living near the beach. need [13] The aquarium needs cleaning. neglect [14] Sometimes she neglects doing her homework. permit [9] California does not permit smoking in restaurants. postpone He postponed returning to Paris. practice She practiced singing the song. prefer [14] He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater. propose [14] I proposed having lunch at the beach. quit [13] She quit worrying about the problem. recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store. recollect She recollected living in Kenya. recommend Tony recommended taking the train. regret [13] She regretted saying that. remember [13] I remember telling her the address yesterday. report He reported her stealing the money. require [9] The certificate requires completing two courses. resent Nick resented Debbie's being there. resist He resisted asking for help. risk He risked being caught. start [14] He started studying harder. stop [13] She stopped working at 5 o'clock. suggest They suggested staying at the hotel. tolerate I tolerated her talking. try [13] Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip. understand I understand his quitting. urge [9] They urge recycling bottles and paper. Berikut adalah Daftar verbs yang diikuti oleh Gerund menurut Buku Understanding and Using English Grammar Karangan Betty S. Azar (2002:318): 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Admit Advise Anticipate Appreciate Avoid Can’t bear Begin Complete Consider Continue Delay Deny Discuss Dislike Enjoy Finish Forget Hate Can’t help Keep Like Love Mention Mind Miss Postpone Practice Prefer Quit Recall Recollect Recommend Regret Remember Resent Resist Risk Can’t stand Start Stop Suggest Tolerate Try Understand He admitted stealing the money She advised waiting until tomorrow I anticipate having a good time on vacation I appreciated hearing from them He avoided answering my questions I can’t bear waiting in long lines It began raining I finally completed writing my term paper I will consider going with you He continued speaking He delayed leaving for school He denied committing the crime They discussed opening a new business I dislike driving long distances We enjoyed visiting them She finished studying about ten I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb I hate making silly mistakes I can’t help worrying about it I keep hoping he will come I like going to movies I love going to operas She mentioned going to a movie Would you mind helping me with this? I miss being with my family Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow The athlete practiced throwing the ball Ann prefers walking to driving to work He quit trying to solve the problem I don’t recall meeting him before I don’t recollect meeting him before She recommended seeing the show I regret telling him my secret I can’t remember meeting him when I was a child I resent her interfering in my business I couldn’t resist eating the dessert She risks losing all of her money I can’t stand waiting in long lines It started raining She stopped going to classes when she got sick She suggested going to a movie She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination I try changing the light bulb, but the lamp still didn’t work I don’t understand his leaving school Adjective + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used adjective + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds. accustomed to He is accustomed to having his own office. addicted to She is addicted to watching TV. afraid of She is afraid of speaking in public. anxious about Norma is anxious about making the presentation. bored of I am bored of doing the same old job. capable of He is capable of winning a gold medal. committed to She is committed to improving her English. concerned about Nancy was concerned about being late. content with Tim is content with winning second place. dedicated to The organization is dedicated to ending poverty. devoted to The money will be devoted to protecting the environment. disappointed with Fiona was disappointed with coming in third place. discouraged by He was discouraged by not getting the job. excited about The researcher was excited about going to Africa. famous for That actor is famous for being extremely weird. fond of She is fond of having picnics. frightened of She is frightened of being alone at night. guilty of The banker was guilty of stealing money. happy about He was happy about winning the lottery. interested in She is interested in becoming a doctor. involved in He was involved in making the movie. known for She was known for causing problems. opposed to They are opposed to building a new road in the park. proud of He was proud of having completed the marathon. remembered for She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas. responsible for He is responsible for causing the damage. scared of Tina is scared of being alone at night. terrified of The surfer is terrified of being attacked by a shark. tired from She is tired from working all day. tired of Margaret is tired of making dinner every night. worried about The hikers were worried about not having enough water. Gerund after prepositions (adjectives) We use the Gerund after the following phrases: afraid of They are afraid of losing the match. angry about/at Pat is angry about walking in the rain. bad at good at John is good at working in the garden. clever at He is clever at skateboarding. crazy about The girl is crazy about playing tennis. disappointed about/at He is disappointed about seeing such a bad report. excited about We are excited about making our own film. famous for Sandy is famous for singing songs. fed up with I'm fed up with being treated as a child. fond of Hannah is fond of going to parties. glad about She is glad about getting married again. happy about/at The children are not happy about seeing a doctor. interested in Are you interested in writing poems? keen on Joe is keen on drawing. proud of She is proud of riding a snowboard. sick of We're sick of sitting around like this. sorry about/for He's sorry for eating in the lesson. tired of I'm tired of waiting for you. used to She is used to smoking. worried about I'm worried about making mistakes. Verbs Followed by Infinitives 8 = verb followed by an infinitive OR an optional noun + an infinitive 13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning 14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning Agree Tom agreed to help me. Appear His health appeared to be better. Arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami. ask [8] She asked to leave. begin [13] He began to talk. can't bear [14] He can't bear to be alone. can't stand [14] Nancy can't stand to work the late shift. Care He doesn't care to participate in the activity. cease [14] The government ceased to provide free healthcare. choose [8] I chose to help. Claim She claimed to be a princess. continue [14] She continued to talk. Decide We decided to go to Hawaii. Demand He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris. Deserve He deserves to go to jail. dread [13] I dread to think what might happen. expect [8] They expect to arrive early. Fail He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project. forget [13] I forgot to lock the door when I left. get (be allowed to) Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I? Happen She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed. hate [14] He hates to clean dishes. Hesitate She hesitated to tell me the problem. Hope I hope to begin college this year. Intend We intend to visit you next spring. Learn I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid. like [14] Samantha likes to read. love [14] We love to scuba dive. Manage He managed to open the door without the key. need [8,13] I need to study. neglect [14] She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting. Offer Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket. Plan We plan to go to Europe this summer. prefer [14] He prefers to eat at 7 PM. prepare [8] They prepared to take the test. Pretend The child pretended to be a monster. promise [8] She promised to stop smoking. propose [14] Drew proposed to pay for the trip. Refuse The guard refused to let them enter the building. regret [13] I regret to inform you that your application was rejected. remember [13] Did you remember to lock the door when you left? Seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed. start [13] Marge started to talk really fast. Swear She swore to tell the truth. Tend He tends to be a little shy. threaten [8] He threatened to leave forever. try [13] Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy. Vow He vowed to get revenge. Wait She waited to buy a movie ticket. want [8] I want to study Spanish. wish [8] I wish to stay. would like [8] (meaning "wish" or "want") We would like to start now. Yearn Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic. Be + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives be amazed He was amazed to discover the truth. be anxious She was anxious to start her new job. be ashamed He was ashamed to admit he had lied. be bound She is bound to be elected class president. be careful They were careful not to reveal the winner of the prize until the end. be certain She is certain to get the job. be content The student was content to receive second place in the competition. be delighted We were delighted to be invited to the wedding. be determined He was determined to finish the marathon. be eager He was eager to begin. be eligible They were not eligible to participate in the program. be fortunate She was fortunate to receive the research grant. be glad I would be glad to help out. be happy She was happy to see them at the party. be hesitant Mary was hesitant to say anything. be liable The mountain climber is liable to hurt himself if he doesn't use well-made equipment. be likely They are likely to show up at any time. be lucky You were lucky to have such an opportunity. be pleased I am pleased to meet you. be proud He was proud to have been chosen to lead the project. be ready I'm ready to go now. be reluctant The witness was reluctant to reveal what he had seen. be sad She was really sad to leave. be shocked He was shocked to discover the truth. be sorry I am sorry to have to tell you that the tickets are sold out. be surprised She was surprised to discover that he had never learned how to swim. Part 1. Using GERUNDS 1.1. A gerund is an -ing form of a verb that is used as a noun rather than as a verb. Because it is used as a noun, it can appear in any sentence position that any noun can occupy. Examples: GERUND = swimming SENTENCE POSITION Swimming is good exercise. SUBJECT of the sentence She likes swimming every day. DIRECT OBJECT of the VERB like She is crazy about swimming in the ocean. OBJECT of the PREPOSITIONabout 1.2. Many common verbs are followed by gerunds. These verbs may be one-word verbs or two-word verbs. Examples: GERUND = swimming VERB TYPE She investigated swimming with the team. One-word investigated She looked into swimming with the team. Two-word looked into List of Common Verbs Followed By Gerunds Admit enjoy regret Advise finish remember Anticipate forget resent Appreciate keep resist Avoid mention risk Complete Mind stop Consider Miss suggest Delay Postpone tolerate Deny Practice understand Discuss Quit Dislike Recommend 1.3. Many common adjectives (and prepositions) are followed by gerunds. Make note of the preposition that follows each adjective. Examples: GERUND = joining PREPOSITION She is interested in joining the team. in She is excited about joining with the team. about List of Common Adjectives Followed By Gerunds accustomed to done with limited to afraid of envious of patient with angry at excited about prepared for annoyed with exposed to proud of aware of familiar with related to bored with filled with relevant to capable of finished with remembered for committed to fond of responsible for concerned about grateful for satisfied with connected to guilty of scared of content with innocent of terrified of convinced of interested in tired of crowded with involved in upset with dedicated to jealous of used to disappointed in known for worried about 1.4. In the negative form, the word not comes before the gerund. Examples: GERUND = cycling VERB TYPE She considered cycling up the mountain. affirmative She considered not cycling up the mountain. negative Part 2. Using INFINITIVES 2.1. An infinitive is the word to and the SIMPLE/BASE/DICTIONARY form of a verb. Examples: INFINITIVE = to swim It is good to swim every day. She likes to swim in the morning. 2.2. Many common verbs are followed by infinitives. List of Common Verbs Followed By Infinitives agree Fail prepare appear Forget pretend ask Hesitate promise beg Hope refuse care Learn regret claim Manage remember consent Mean seem decide Need threaten demand Offer wait deserve Plan wish expect Prepare want 2.3. Many verbs that are followed by an infinitive may take a noun or pronoun between them. Examples: INFINITIVE = to join NOUN OR PRONOUN She convinced him to join the team. PRONOUN him She convinced Bob to join the team. NOUN Bob List of Common Verbs Followed By Noun/Pronoun and Infinitive advise expect permit allow forbid persuade ask force remind beg hire require cause instruct teach challenge invite tell convince need urge dare order want encourage warn 2.4. In the negative form, the word not comes before the infinitive. Examples: INFINITIVE = to cycle VERB TYPE She promised to cycle up the mountain. affirmative She promised not to cycle up the mountain. negative She promised us not to cycle up the mountain. pronoun + negative Part 3. Using GERUNDS or INFINITIVES - no change in meaning 3.1.Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, with little or no change in meaning. List of Common Verbs Followed By Gerunds or Infinitives - Same Meaning afford (can't) bear begin cease commence continue dread hate like loathe love neglect prefer propose (can't) stand start Part 4. Using GERUNDS or INFINITIVES - big change in meaning 4.1.Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, with A BIG change in meaning. Examples: VERB FOLLOWED BY: SENTENCE MEANING INFINITIVE I forgot to eat lunch. I DID NOT eat lunch today. GERUND I forgoteating lunch. I DID eat lunch today. I just did not remember at the time you asked me. List of Common Verbs Followed By Gerunds or Infinitives - Different Meaning attempt forget mean regret remember try

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